TOEFL 2

Subject and Verb

sebuah kalimat terdapat form:

S + V

Problem yang biasanya muncul sehubungan dengan Subject dan Verb adalah:

1. Subject atau Verbnya tidak ada.
2. Subject dan Verbnya tidak ada, atau
3. Extra Subject and Extra Verb.

Contoh 1:

………………..was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells

Analisa:

• Kalimat di atas memiliki Verb yaitu was ringing, tapi tidak memiliki Subject.
• Dari pilihan jawaban; (A) Loudly dan (B) In the morning salah karena keduanya adalah adverb. Jawaban (D) The bells juga salah karena bells adalah plural dan tidak sesuai dengan was ringing yang berbentuk singular verb. Jawaban terbaik adalah (C) The phone karena phone singular verb dan sesuai dengan singular verb was ringing.

 Contoh 2:

Newspapers _______ every morning and every evening.

(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject yaitu Newspapers, tapi tidak memiliki Verb.
• Jawaban (A) delivery, (C) on time dan (D) regularly adalah salah karena mereka bukan subject. Jawaban (B) are delivered benar karena mereka adalah verb.

Contoh 3:

The plane __________ landing at the airport in five minutes.

(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject The plane dan kata kerja landing. Tapi kata kerja landing belum lengkap (not complete verb) dan harus memiliki tobe is untuk menjadikan kata kerja itu kata kerja yang lengkap (complete verb).
• Jawaban (A) it is dan (B) it really is salah karena akan ada double Subject it dan plane. Jawaban (C) is descending salah karena ada double subject descending dan landing.
• Jawaban terbaik adalah (D) will be karena kalau will be di gabungkan dengan landing akan menjadi complete verb.

EXERCISE 1:

Find the subjects and the verbs in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect ( I ).

1. My best friend always helpful with problems. ( I )

Analisa:

• Subject dari kalimat ini adalah My best friend, tapi tidak memiliki Verb is.

• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya My best friend is always helpful and with problems.

2. The bus schedule has changed since last week. (C)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas sudah memiliki Subject The bus dan juga memiliki Verb has changed

3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor. ( I )

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas tidak memiliki Subject, tapi memiliki verbs dropped.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah Accidentally she or he dropped the glass on the floor.

4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes. (I)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas sudah memiliki Subject the customer dan part of verb paying. Kalimat diatas membutuhkan tobe untuk menjadikannya complete verb.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The customer is paying the clerk for the clothes.

5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students. (C)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas sudah memiliki Subject professor dan Verb handed.

 

Present Participle

form : Verb + ing.

ex: studying,  driving, cooking

Penggunaan Present participle pada Structure section TOEFL test seringkali membingungkan karena fungsingya yang bisa sebagai part of a verb (bagian dari kata kerja) atau adjective (kata sifat).

1. Sebagai bagian dari kata kerja (Part of a verb)

.   Present participle (verb+ing) akan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb jika digunakan bersamaan dengan tobe (am, is, are, was, and were).

Contoh:   

The train is arriving at the station now.

  The students are talking in the classroom.

Analisa:

• arriving adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh is (to be).
• talking adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh are (to be)

2. Sebagai adjective (Kata Sifat)

Present participle (Verb + Ing) berfungsi sebagai adjective apabila tidak ditemani oleh to be (am, is, are, was and were).

Contoh:

The train arriving at the station now is an hour late.

The students talking in the class look very happy.

  Analisa:

• arriving is adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Sedangkan, Subject kalimat diatas adalah train dan verbnya adalah is.
• talking adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah students dan verbnya adalah look.

Lihat contoh dibawah ini.

The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.

(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) was

Analisa:

• appearing bukanlah part of a verb tapi adjective.
• Subject nya adalah film dan verbnya adalah is.
• Jawaban (B), (C) atau (D) salah karena  kalimat diatas sudah memiliki verb.
• Jawaban terbaik adalah (A) now.

EXERCISE 3:

Look at the following sentences and Check if they are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The crying baby needs to be picked up. (C)

ADJ.

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena crying berfungsi sebagai adjective.
• Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah baby, sedangkan verb nya adalah needs to be picked up

2. The clothes are lying the floor should go into the washing machine. (I)

VERB

Analisa:

• kalimat diatas salah karena are lying seharusnya lying dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan bagian dari kata kerja (part of a verb)..
• Sedangkan kalimat yang benar adalah  The clothes lying the floor should go into the washing machine.

3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners. (I)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas salah karena bringing seharusnya is bringing dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb bukan adjective.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah  The waitress is bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.

4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line. (C)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas benar karena striking berfungsi sebagai adjective dan walking sebagai part of a verb.
• Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah workers.

5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll. (C)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena getting berfungsi sebagai part of a verb dan setelah ditambahkan is (tobe) menjadi complete verb.
• Sedangkan Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah the child.

6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky. (I)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas salah karena creating harusnya is creating dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya The setting sun is creating a rainbow of colors in the sky

7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight. (I)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas salah karena is sailing seharusnya sailing dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan part of a verb.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya The ship sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.

8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk. (C)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas benar karena needing berfungsi sebagai adjective
• Subjectnya adalah  letters dan verbnya are.

9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago. (I)

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas salah karena ending seharusnya is ending dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb bukan adjective.
• Kalimat yang benar seharunya adalah The boring class just ending a few minutes a go.

10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas benar karena bringing berfungsi sebagai part of a verb.
• Subjectnya adalah clouds.

 

Past participle

merupakan verb III dari kata kerja

ex: taught, studied, left, cooked

Penggunaan Past Participle pada Structure Questions seringkali membingungkan karena neniliki dua fungsi, yaitu part of a verb (bagian dari kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat).

 

1. Sebagai part of a verb

 

Past participle akan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb (bagian dari kata kerja) apabila ditemani oleh have, has, had and be (am, is, are, was, were).

 

Contoh:

• The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox. (Left is part of a verb)

• The classes were taught by Professor Smith. (Taught is part of a verb)

Analisa:

• Pada kalimat pertama, left adalah bagian dari kata kerja karena ditemani oleh has.
• Pada kalimat kedua, taught adalah bagian kari kata kerja karena ditemani oleh be (were)

2. Sebagai adjective

 

Past Participle berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective) apabila tidak ditemani dengan have, has, had atau be (am, is, are, dan were).

 

Contoh:

• The letter left in the mailbox was for me. (Left is ADJECTIVE)

• The classes taught by Professor Smith were very interesting. (Taught is ADJECTIVE)

Analisa:

• left adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh has/have or to be. Sedangkan Subject dari kalimat pertama adalah The letter dan Verb nya adalah was.
• taught adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh has/have atau to be. Sedangkan Subject dan verb dari kalimat kedua adalah The classes dan were.

Contoh dibawah ini menunjukan bagaimana past participle bisa membingungkan.

 

The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious.

 

(A) has

(B) was

(C) it

(D) just

 

Analisa:

• baked bukanlan part of a verb, tapi adjective. Verb dari kalimat diatas adalah smelled dan Subject nya adalah The bread.
• Jawaban (A) dan (B) salah karena baked adjective dan tidak membutuhkan helping verb.
• Jawaban (C) salah karena kalimat diatas sudah memiliki Subject.
• Jawaban terbaik adalah just.

 

EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Circle the past participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

 

1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious. (Incorrect)

 

Analisa:

• is served harusnya served saja karena berfungsi sebagai adjective.
• Sedangkan Subject nya adalah The food dan Verb nya adalah IS.
• Kalimat yang benar adalah The food served in this restaurant is delicious.

2. The plane landed on the deserted runway. (Correct)

 

Analisa:

• Subject is The place and Verb is landed

• Deserted adalah  adjective

3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime. (Correct)

Analisa:

• unexpected adalah adjective.
• Subject nya adalah guests dan Verb nya arrived.

4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses. (Incorrect)
Analisa:

• are listed seharusnya hanya listed dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan part of a verb.
• Subject nya adalah courses dan verbnya are required.

5. The teacher found the lost exam. (Correct)
Analisa:

• lost adalah adjective.
• Subject nya adalah teacher sedangkan verbnya adalah found.

6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized. (Incorrect)

 

Analisa:

• Kalimat diatas tidak mempunyai verb of be, is.
• Kalimat yang benar adalah The small apartment is very crowded and disorganized.

7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends. (Correct)
Analisa:

•  developed berfungsi sebagai adjective.
• Subject nya adalah photographs dan verb nya adalah showed.

8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels. (Correct)
Analisa:

• locked dan unworn berfungsi sebagai adjective.
• Subject nya adalah drawer dan verbya adalah contained.

9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs. (Incorrect)
Analisa:

• was blown seharusnya adalah blown saja dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukannya part of a verb.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs.

10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper. (Correct)

Analisa:

• registered berfungsi sebagai adjective.
• Subject nya adalah students dan verbnya adalah are listed.

 

Source :

http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-4-past.html

http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-3-present.html

http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-2-object-of.html

Teknologi Terbaru..

Teknologi pada saat ini sangat dibutuhkan oleh semua orang. Baik untuk memperoleh informasi, menjalin hubungan antar sesama, untuk bekerja, atau bahkan hanya untuk gaya hidup seseorang dan masih banyak lagi hal yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh teknologi. Hal-hal ini lah yang menyebabkan teknologi terus berkembang. Perkembangan teknologi semakin lama semakin disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan akan manusianya. Pekembangan teknologi yang ada contohnya adalah televisi hologram, meja masa depan dan mouse scanner.

Televisi  hologram dapat menawarkan gambar yang akan tampil secara hologram tanpa perlu kacamata khusus. Gambar yang ditampilkan gambar tiga dimensi dan berkemampuan melacak gerakan mata khalayak. Televisi dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan apple pada tahun 2011 lalu, setelah berhasil mengeluarkan iphone dan ipod.

Meja masa depan menggunakan  Microsoft Surface, dimana sebuah kombinasi antara meja, komputer, kamera, serta touch sensivity berukuran sebesar yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk berinteraksi untuk berbagai aktivitas, dalam hal ini meja dapat mendeteksi benda apa yang diletakkan pada meja tersebut. Misalnya sebuah smartphone maka meja tersebut dapat menampilkan informasil mengenai perangkat yang ada pada smartphone tersebut dan memungkinkan untuk memilih model yang berbeda.

Selain microsoft surface ada juga EXOdest yang merupakan meja interaktif yang dapat mengerjakan aktivitas secara virtual space. EXOdesk sebenarnya merupakan sebuah tabletop computer yang menawarkan layar high definition 40 inci, di mana kita bisa memanipulasi virtual object dengan menyentuh dan dragging. Meja masa depan ini kabarnya akan dikeluarkan pada akhir tahun 2011 sampai untuk tahun 2012.

Teknologi yang lain adalah maouse scanner yang merupakan suatu teknologi dimana perangkat tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu navigasi komputer (mouse) dapat juga digunakan sebagai alat pemindai (scan). Produk yang akan dikeluarkan oleh perusahan LG pada tahun 2012 ini hampir sama dengan mause pada umumnya hanya saja pada bagian samping mouse terdapat 2 tombol yang dapat mengaktifkan fungsi scan dan untuk kembali ke menu sebelumnya.

Muse scanner ini menggunakan 2 alat bantu sensor yang dapat digunakan untuk men-scan bidang seluas A3, baik berupa teks, tabel maupun gambar. Dengan adanya 2 sensor tersebut hasil yang akan didapan sama seperti pada alat scan yang ada.

source:

http://www.priagoenks.com/2012/01/teknologi-terbaru-2012-mouse-scanner.html

http://www.priagoenks.com/2011/01/teknologi-terbaru-2011-teknologi-tv.html

http://www.priagoenks.com/2011/11/teknologi-terbaru-2012-meja-masa-depan.html

TOEFL

Structure and Written Expression Practice Questions

The Structure and Written Expression section contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.

When topics have a national context, they refer to the United States or Canadian history, culture, art, or literature. However, you do not need to have a prior knowledge of these contexts to answer the structural or grammatical points being tested.

Before completing these practice questions,you might wish to print out an answer sheet.

Structure 

Directions: Questions 1–4 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Look at the following examples:

Example I

Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes _______ they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth’s surface.

a.       due to

b.      because

c.       in spite of

d.      regardless of

The sentence should read, “Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes because they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth’s surface.” Therefore, you should choose answer B.

Example II

During the early period of ocean navigation, ________ any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.

a.       so that hardly

b.      where there hardly was

c.       hardly was

d.      there was hardly

The sentence should read, “During the early period of ocean navigation, there was hardly any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.” Therefore, you should choose answer D.

 

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Refrigerating meats ________ the spread of bacteria.

a. retards

b. retarding

c. to retard

d. is retarded

 

2. Throughout the animal kingdom, ________ bigger than the elephant.

a. whale is only the

b. only the whale is

c. is the whale only

d. only whale is the

 

3. The fact ________ money orders can usually be easily cashed has made them a popular form of payment.

a. of

b. that

c. is that

d. which is

 

4. The first article of the United States Constitution gives Congress ________ to pass laws.

a. the power

b. has the power

c. the power is

d. of the power

 

Written Expression

Directions: In questions 5–10, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Look at the following examples:

The sentence should read, “Guppies are sometimes called rainbow fish because of the males’ bright colors.” Therefore, you should choose answer A.

The sentence should read, “Serving several terms in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important United States politician.” Therefore, you should choose answer B.

 

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Answer Key for Structure and Expression

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. D

 

Using Clauses as Nouns, and Adjectives

If a clause can stand alone as a sentence, it is an independent clause, as in the following

 

example:

 

Independent

the Prime Minister is in Ottawa

 

Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as sentences: in this case, they are dependent clauses or subordinate clauses. Consider the same clause with the subordinating conjunction “because” added to the beginning:

 

Dependent

when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa

 

In this case, the clause could not be a sentence by itself, since the conjunction “because” suggests that the clause is providing an explanation for something else. Since this dependent clause answers the question “when,” just like an adverb, it is called a dependent adverb clause (or simply an adverb clause, since adverb clauses are always dependent clauses). Note how the clause can replace the adverb “tomorrow” in the following examples:

 

adverb

The committee will meet tomorrow.

 

adverb clause

The committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa.

 

Dependent clauses can stand not only for adverbs, but also for nouns and for adjectives.

 

Noun Clauses

 

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions “who(m)?” or “what?”. Consider the following

 

 

examples:

 

noun

I know Latin.

 

noun clause

I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.

In the first example, the noun “Latin” acts as the direct object of the verb “know.” In the second example, the entire clause “that Latin …” is the direct object.

 

In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions:

 

noun

Their destination is unknown.

 

noun clause

Where they are going is unknown.

 

The question “Where are they going?,” with a slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a larger unit — like the noun “destination,” the clause is the subject of the verb “is.”

 

Here are some more examples of noun clauses:

about what you bought at the mall

This noun clause is the object of the preposition “about,” and answers the question “about what?”

Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.

This noun clause is the subject of the verb “will have to pay,” and answers the question “who will have to pay?”

The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again.

This noun clause is the object of the verb “hope,” and answers the question “what do the fans hope?”

 

Written Task Samples: Noun Clause

 

1. Disturbances in seabed slope which have occurred over short periods of time have caused scientists to believe __________ more extensive than at first thought.

A. that tectonic drift is

B. which tectonic drift

C. tectonic drifts

D. tectonic drifting

Answer: A

 

2. _______ the manatee of south Florida is being pushed to the edge of extinction due to the invasion of its habitat by motorized boats has been shown by marine researchers.

A. In that

B. That

C. Although

D. Unless

Answer: B

 

3. Virtually all doctors agree ________ a second diagnosis in the event of a potentially major disease.

A. that patients should seek

B. patients should be sought

C. patients they seek

D. patients that should seek

Answer: A

 

4. _______ found in forests can possess deadly toxicity is an element of folk knowledge that has not been passed down to today’s general public.

A. Those certain mushrooms

B. That certain mushrooms

C. Despite it, certain are the mushrooms

D. Even though certain mushrooms

Answer: B

 

5. _______ continue to pollute the ocean with all forms of contamination from sewage to solid wastes such as plastic containers remains a mystery to environmentalists.

A. Although people

B. People that

C. Why people

D. Those people that

Answer: C

 

6. __________ and have low refractive indices, low dielectric constants, and low surface tensions has long been known by chemists.

A. Those fluorocarbons are more volatile and denser than corresponding hydrocarbons

B. That fluorocarbons are more volatile and denser than corresponding hydrocarbons

C. While fluorocarbons are more volatile and denser than corresponding hydrocarbons

D. When fluorocarbons are more volatile and denser than corresponding hydrocarbons

Answer: B

 

7. __________ advances and broadens our understanding of the complex problems of soil fertility.

A. Whatever adds to the biochemical knowledge of soils

B. When it adds that to the biochemical knowledge of soils

C. While it is added to the biochemical knowledge of soils

D. Whomever adds to the biochemical knowledge of soils

Answer: A

 

8. It is safe to say __________ does not exceed 25%.

A. because the average efficiency of the best steam engine

B. which the average efficiency of the best steam engine

C. that the average efficiency of the best steam engine

D. with the average efficiency of the best steam engine

Answer: C

 

9. There is no doubt _________ correspond to the gill clefts which are used in connection with the breathing in fishes.

A. because of the minute slits which are seen in embryonic reptile and birds

B. despite the fact that the minute slits which are seen in embryonic reptile and birds

C. if the minute slits which are seen in embryonic reptile and birds

D. that the minute slits which are seen in embryonic reptiles and birds

Answer: D

 

10. Blame for the invention of nuclear weapons must fall upon __________.

A. however conceived their invention in the first place

B. whenever conceived their invention in the first place

C. whatsoever conceived their invention in the first place

D. whoever conceived their invention in the first place

Answers: D

 

Adjective Clauses

 

An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like “which?” or “what kind of?” Consider the following examples:

Adjective

the red coat

Adjective clause

the coat which I bought yesterday

 

Like the word “red” in the first example, the dependent clause “which I bought yesterday” in the second example modifies the noun “coat.” Note that an adjective clause usually comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before.

 

In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns “who(m),” “that,” or “which.” In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing:

 

informal

The books people read were mainly religious.

 

formal

The books that people read were mainly religious.

 

informal

Some firefighters never meet the people they save.

 

formal

Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.

Here are some more examples of adjective clauses:

the meat which they ate was tainted

This clause modifies the noun “meat” and answers the question “which meat?”.

about the movie which made him cry

This clause modifies the noun “movie” and answers the question “which movie?”.

they are searching for the one who borrowed the book

The clause modifies the pronoun “one” and answers the question “which one?”.

Did I tell you about the author whom I met?

The clause modifies the noun “author” and answers the question “which author?”.

  

 The Adjective Clause

 

Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.

An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:

First, it will contain a subject and verb.

Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

 

The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:

 

relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb

 

relative pronoun as subject + verb

 

Here are some examples:

 

Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie

 

Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.

 

Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie

 

Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

 

That bounced across the kitchen floor

 

That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.

 

Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward

 

Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.

 

 

Written Task Samples: Adjective Clause

 

1. Dubbing is an audio process __________ one sound over another sound.

A. imprints

B. that imprints it

C. which imprints

D. that it imprints

Answer: C

 

2. Thomas Jefferson, _______ of fathering several children by one of his slaves, was supposedly committed to the principle of equal rights for all.

A. in that he was accused

B. that was accused

C. he was accused

D. who was accused

Answer: D

 

3. The cheetah is a member of the feline family _______ are being drastically reduced by in-breeding and lion predation.

A. whose numbers

B. those numbers

C. that its numbers

D. its numbers that

Answer: A

 

4. Wrap-around sound, a process patented by Dolby, is an audio device _______ the moviegoer in the center of the action.

A. puts

B. that puts them

C. that they put

D. that puts

Answer: D

 

5. Coca-Cola, begun in an Atlanta drugstore in 1888, remains a powerful beverage company _______ with numerous smaller food producers.

A. that has merged

B. that merged it

C. which merging

D. whose to merge

Answer: A

 

6. The next point __________ is at the sawmill.

A. at which it is important to put a check upon wood waste

B. by which that is important to put a check upon wood waste

C. that is important to put a check upon wood waste

D. important to put a check upon wood waste

Answer: A

 

7. Carl Maria von Weber was one of those peculiar types __________, round whom the darker shadows of the world may close for years almost unnoticed.

A. that always young in animal spirits

B. whom always young in spirits animal

C. who are always young in animal spirits

D. they are always young in animal spirits

Answer: C

 

8. Grieg went out into his own fertile by-way, leaving the broad valley for the narrower region __________.

A. to exploring for the first time

B. that explored for the first time

C. in it the first time of exploration

D. which he explored for the first time

Answer: D

 

9. When speaking of the social mammals, there are other conditions of life, however, __________ that the newly born young one should be put on the spot almost at once because the situation is full of danger.

A. in that it is necessary

B. in which it is necessary

C. if it is necessary

D. that they are necessary

Answer: B

 

10. In many ways, the most striking of the carniverous plants in the Venus Fly-trap, __________.

A. it grows in marshy places in Carolina

B. that growing in marshy places in Carolina

C. which it grows in marshy places in Carolina

D. which grows in marshy places in Carolina

Answer: D

 

Source:

http://www.ets.org/toefl/pbt/prepare/sample_questions/structure_written_expression_practice_section2

 

http://www.ets.org/toefl/pbt/prepare/sample_questions/answer_key_toefl_section2

http://www.mytoeflsuccess.com/toefl-test/sample/written/adjective-clause.htm

http://www.mytoeflsuccess.com/toefl-test/sample/written/noun-clause.htm

 

 

 

 

 

article with subject and verb

American celebrity fashion and beauty network, MTV Style, has posted their list of the best male fashion icons for the ‘The Best Men’s Fashion of 2011‘.

Every year, MTV Style picks out the hottest male celebrities who are deemed to have been the most fashionable during that year. This year’s list included a variety of entertainers ranging from Justin Bieber to Adam Lambert. World star Rain lived up to his moniker by placing among these top icons, and even made the editors “pine”.

Check out what MTV Style had to say about Rain below and see the rest of the stars here.

Since Rain has been conscripted into the South Korean army for his mandatory two-year engagement, we’ve been pining for the fashion magazine editorials that don’t come or the MCM luxury ads just like the ones you see above. Perched atop an enormous monogrammed steamer in rag-and-rolled khakis and an MCM varsity jacket (that differs markedly from Jaden’s, you’ll note) and in another look perched atop his toes in MCM mids and a Harrington, we are reminded of the enormous handsomeness of the K-Pop GOD and acting genius. Return to us soon, Rain. We’re only happy when it Rains. How I wish it would Rain. Your love’s coming down like… etc., etc.,…

source: http://www.allkpop.com/2011/12/rain-gets-listed-on-mtv-styles-the-best-mens-fashion-of-2011

Passive Voice Negative & Question

Passive voice Question

1. Were you shown the sights?

2. Is she being shown the sights?

3. were they being prepared?

4. has it been adjourned?

5. Are you required to attend the meeting?

6. Is she being ignored?

7. Should they be notified?

8. might he have been allowed to come?

9. had you been told about it?

10. will they be needed?

 

Passsive Voice Negative

1. You were not shown the sights.

2. She is not being shown the sights.

3. He will be asked to participate.

4. They would not have been instructed to join us.

5. It was not sent on time.

6. We could not have been seen from the island

7. It is not being dealt with satisfactorily.

8. They were not being kept under observation.

9. You will not be held responsible.

10. They were not expected at six o’clock.

 

source: http://englishdailyworkout.blogspot.com/2010/12/passive-voice-questions-negative.html

transitive verb

1. Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb is a verb that ‘transfers’ the action to and affects a noun (or substantive). This noun that it transfers motion to is called the ‘direct object‘. Therefore by the very nature of a transitive verb, it is a verb that requires a direct object. Conversely, if there is a verb that has a direct object, it must be a transitive verb. Without a direct object, the transitive verb would cause the sentence to be left hanging and seem incomplete.
For example “Do not quench the spirit” (I Thess 5:19). The understood subject of the sentence is ‘you’ (required because of the imperative mood). (The verb, strictly speaking, is ‘do quench’; however, there is a very important adverb ‘not’ inserted here). If the sentence ended with “Do not quench,” the question could not help but be asked, “Do not quench what?” The verb ‘quench’ requires a direct object to complete the meaning of the sentence. Thus the noun ‘spirit’ is added as the direct object of the verb.

Examples and Observations:

• “I know the muffin man.”
  (Lord Farquaad, Shrek, 2001)

 

• “We lost a daughter but gained a meathead.”
  (Archie Bunker in All in the Family, 1971)

 

• “Parents lend children their experience and a vicarious memory.”
  (George Santayana, The Life of Reason)

 

• “I punched Mickey Mantle in the mouth.”
  (Cosmo Kramer, Seinfeld)

 

• “A musicologist is a man who can read music but can’t hear it.”
  (Sir Thomas Beecham)

 

• Lay and Lie
  “There have been some difficulties with grammar since I last wrote. Lay is a transitive verb (I lay down a case of claret every month; she laid the table), lie an intransitive one (he lies over there; she lay in bed until noon). Do not confuse them.”
  (Simon Heffer, “Style Notes 28: February 12, 2010.” The Daily Telegraph)

 

• “More exactly, we should talk about transitive or intransitive uses of certain verbs, as a great many verbs can be used in English both transitively and intransitively. Land is transitive in The pilot landed the plane safely, but intransitive in The plane landed. Carry is transitive in They carried backpacks, but it has an intransitive use in His voice carries well (= ‘projects’).”
  (Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course. Routledge, 2006)

 

• Among transitive verbs there are three sub-types: monotransitive verbs have only a direct object, ditransitive verbs have a direct object and an indirect or benefactive object. Complex-transitive verbshave a direct object and an object attribute. . . .
  • monotransitive: He bought a book.
  • ditransitive: He gave her the book.
  • complex-transitive: She found the book interesting.

 

Source : http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/tranverb02term.htm

http://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/terms.htm

Passive Voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.)

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Example of Passive

 

 

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with ‘to’ (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

source : http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

Conditional Sentences

Conditional (Kalimat Pengandaian) menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain. Conditional yang paling umum adalahReal Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga if-clauses.

Real Conditional (sering juga disebut juga dengan Conditional Tipe I) yang menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta.

Unreal Conditional (sering juga disebut sebagai Conditional Tipe II) yang menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi.

Ada juga Conditional yang ke-3 yang sering disebut dengan Conditional Tipe III, digunakan sebagai penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan zero conditional, digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang sudah pasti benar.

Catatan: Jika  klausa “if” diletakkan di awal kalimat, kita harus menggunakan “koma”. Sebaliknya jika klausa “if” berada di belakang, maka tidak perlu ada koma

Zero Conditional

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum. Tense yang digunakan biasanya Present Simple Tense

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius,	it boils.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
Water boils	if you heat it to 100 degrees Celsius,

Contoh:

• If you drop an apple, it falls. = An apple falls, if you drop it.
• If you don’t do your homework, I will be disappointed. = I will be disappointed, if you don’t do your homework.

Catatan: Pada tipe ini, “if” sering digantikan dengan “when“

Conditional I

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan pengandaian yang dibuat berdasarkan fakta di masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang dan pengandaian ini bisa saja terjadi. Klausa “if” biasanya dalam bentuk Present Simple Tense.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If I see you tomorrow,	I will buy you a drink.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I will buy you a drink	if I see you tomorrow.

Kita sering menggunakan unless yang artinya ‘jika… tidak’.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
Unless you hand in your homework,	I won’t mark it.
Artinya
If you don’t hand in your homework,	I won’t mark it.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I won’t mark your homework	unless you hand it in.
Artinya
I won’t mark your homework	if you don’t hand it in.

Catatan: Kita tidak pernah menggunakan will, atau won’t dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh:

• If I have time today, I will phone my friend. = I will phone my friend, if I have time today.
• If I go to England, I will buy some Cheddar cheese. = I will buy some Cheddar cheese, if I go to England.

Conditional Tipe II

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang tidak nyata di masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang. Tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah harapan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam klausa IF adalah Past Simple Tense.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If I won the lottery,	I would buy a new house.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I would buy a new house	if I won the lottery.

Catatan: Jangan gunakan would atau wouldn’t dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh:

• If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. = I wouldn’t do that, if I were you.
• If I had more time, I would do more on my websites. = I would do more on my websites, if I had more time.

Conditional Tipe III

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah kondisi di masa yang lampau yang tidak mungkin akan terjadi lagi. Sering digunakan untuk mengkritik atau penyesalan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam Klausa IF adalah Past Perfect Tense.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If I had worked harder,	I would have passed my exam.
If I had worked harder,	I could have passed my exam.
If I had worked harder,	I should have passed my exam.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I would have passed my exam	if I had worked harder.
I could have passed my exam	if I had worked harder.
I should have passed my exam	if I had worked harder.

Catatan: Jangan gunakan would have atau wouldn’t have, dll dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh:

• If I hadn’t helped you, you would have failed. = You would have failed, if I hadn’t helped you.
• If it had been sunny, we could have gone out. = We could have gone out, if it had been.

Sumber :

http://ismailmidi.com/berita-140-conditional-sentences.html

 

Passive Voice Questions and Negative Statements

Examples of Passive Voice Questions :
1.Were you not shown the sights?
2. Is she not being shown the sights?
3. Will he not have been shown the sights?
4. Should we not be shown the sights?
5. Is he not respected by everyone?
6. Should she not be consulted?
7. Is she being shown the sights?
8. Were you shown the sights?
9. Will he have been shown the sights?
10. Should we be shown the sights?

Examples of Passive Voice Negative Statements :
1. We could not have been seen from the island.
2. They were not being kept under observation.
3. They were not expected at six o’clock.
4. He will not be asked to participate.
5. You were not shown the sights.
6. She is not being shown the sights.
7. He will not have been shown the sights.
8. We should not be shown the sights.
9. It is not being dealt with satisfactorily.
10.You will not be held responsible.

source :
http://englishcourse3final.fullblog.com.ar/reported-speech-and-passive-voice.html

Modifier..

Modifier berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat (modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner). Modifier pada umumnya berupa prepositional phrase (yaitu sekelompok kata yang dimulai oleh kata depan dan diakhiri oleh noun). Misalnya: in the morning (pada pagi hari), on the table (di atas meja), at the university (di universitas).

Selain itu, modifier dapat juga berupa single adverb (misalnya: yesterday (kemarin), outdoors (luar gedung), hurriedly (dengan buru-buru) atau adverbial phrase (misalnya: last night (tadi malam), next year (tahun depan). Modifier adalah menjawab pertanyaan ‘when’, where, dan ‘how’.

Contoh :

1. John bought a book at the bookstore (John membeli sebuah buku di toko buku)
2. Yeyes was swimming in the swimming pool at 4 pm. yesterday. (Yeyes sedang berenang di kolam renang jam 4 sore kemarin)
3. My father is driving very fast. (Ayahku sedang mengendarai (mobil) dengan sangat cepat)
4. The milk is in the refrigerator. (Susunya ada di dalam kulkas)
5. We usually eat dinner at 7 pm. (Kami biasanya makan malam jam 7).

Perhatikan:

1. Modifier of time biasanya diungkapkan paling akhir jika kalimat tersebut memiliki lebih dari satu modifier.
2. Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan modifier.

Sumber :

http://swarabhaskara.com/sentence-components/modifier-keterangan/